Dictionary:
Words in Context:
Pronunciation Dictionary:
Conversational Filler Words:
https://www.fluentu.com/blog/spanish/spanish-filler-words/
Listening Practice:
https://radiolingua.com/category/coffee-break-spanish/ (Language Learning Podcast)
https://alacarta.caracol.com.co (Colombia)
http://www.wrtu.pr/programas/#1448914964549-77dcd51e-e7dd (Puerto Rico)
http://www.radios-argentinas.org/podcasts (Argentina)
http://www.radio-en-vivo.mx/podcasts (Mexico)
http://www.radio-espana.es/podcasts (Spain)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAL4AMMMXKxHDu3FqZV6CbQ/videos (YouTube Channel)
Reading Practice (Beginner):
https://www.learnpracticalspanishonline.com/beginner/beginner-readings.html
Reading Practice (Intermediate):
https://www.learnpracticalspanishonline.com/intermediate/intermediate-readings.html
Read the News in Spanish! (Advanced):
Writing Prompts:
https://takelessons.com/blog/Spanish-writing-prompts-z03
Improvement of Vocabulary:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9yudInUYzMh9H4gJs4DrHg (YouTube Channel)
Spanish Verb Tense Conjugations
Imperfect
This is used to talk about continuous actions in the past (think “used to”) and to make descriptions in the past (e.g. to describe the weather yesterday).
Formation:
AR verbs (cantar)
Yo cantABA
Tú cantABAS
Él/Ella/Usted cantABA
Nosotros/Nosotras cantÁBAMOS
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes cantABAN
ER verbs (vender)
Yo vendÍA
Tú vendÍAS
Él/Ella/Usted vendÍA
Nosotros/Nosotras vendÍAMOS
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes vendÍAN
IR verbs (vivir)
Yo vivÍA
Tú vivÍAS
Él/Ella/Usted vivÍA
Nosotros/Nosotras vivÍAMOS
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes vivÍAN
*ER and IR verbs have the same endings in the imperfect
Examples:
Yo visitaba a mi tía cada verano
- I used to visit my aunt every summer
Hacía calor ayer
- It was hot yesterday
Present Continuous
Think of -ing (doing, making, having etc.) in the present tense.
Formation:
Estar in the present tense + gerund (also called present participle)
Estar in the present tense:
Yo estoy
Tú estás
Él/Ella/Usted está
Nosotros/Nosotras estamos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes están
Gerund:
- For AR verbs take off the AR and add “ANDO” instead (e.g. the gerund of “cantar” is “cantando”)
- For ER/IR verbs take off the ER/IR and add “IENDO” instead (e.g. the gerund of “vender” is vendiendo and the gerund of “vivir” is “viviendo”)
Examples:
Estoy hablando con mi papá
- I am talking with my dad
Estamos vendiendo nuestros libros
- We are selling our books
Imperative
This is used to give both positive and negative commands.
Formation:
AR verbs (cantar)
(Tú) ¡cantA!
(Tú) ¡no cantES!
(Usted) ¡cantE!
(Usted) ¡no cantE!
(Nosotros/Nosotras) ¡cantEMOS!
(Nosotros/Nosotras) ¡no cantEMOS!
(Ustedes) ¡cantEN!
(Ustedes) ¡no cantEN!
ER verbs (vender)
(Tú) ¡vendE!
(Tú) ¡no vendAS!
(Usted) ¡vendA!
(Usted) ¡no vendA!
(Nosotros/Nosotras) ¡vendAMOS!
(Nosotros/Nosotras) ¡no vendAMOS!
(Ustedes) ¡vendAN!
(Ustedes) ¡no vendAN!
IR verbs (vivir)
(Tú) ¡vivE!
(Tú) ¡no vivAS!
(Usted) ¡vivA!
(Usted) ¡no vivA!
(Nosotros/Nosotras) ¡vivAMOS!
(Nosotros/Nosotras) ¡no vivAMOS!
(Ustedes) ¡vivAN!
(Ustedes) ¡no vivAN!
*ER and IR verbs have the same endings in the imperative
Examples:
¡Cantemos juntos!
- Let’s sing together!
¡Limpia tu dormitorio!
- Clean your room!
¡No hablen!
- Don’t speak! (to more than one person)
Subjunctive
This is used to express anything that is not certain and usually follows the word “que”.
Formation:
AR verbs (cantar)
Yo cantE
Tú cantES
Él/Ella/Usted cantE
Nosotros/Nosotras cantEMOS
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes cantEN
ER verbs (vender)
Yo vendA
Tú vendAS
Él/Ella/Usted vendA
Nosotros/Nosotras vendAMOS
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes vendAN
IR verbs (vivir)
Yo vivA
Tú vivAS
Él/Ella/Usted vivA
Nosotros/Nosotras vivAMOS
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes vivAN
*ER and IR verbs have the same endings in the subjunctive
Examples:
No pienso que él viva aquí
- I don’t think he lives here
Dudo que ellos hablen sobre el trabajo
- I doubt that they are talking about the work
Present Indicative – https://www.enforex.com/language/present-tense.html
Preterite – https://121spanish.com/preterite-regular-verbs
Present Perfect – https://www.lingq.com/blog/2018/01/15/the-present-perfect-in-spanish/
Future – https://121spanish.com/preterite-regular-verbs & https://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/ira
Conditional – https://www.enforex.com/language/conditional-tense.html
Imperfect Subjunctive – https://www.spanishdict.com/guide/spanish-imperfect-subjunctive
Irregular Verbs (Comprehensive List) – http://spanish.speak7.com/spanish_irregular_verbs.htm
Spanish Useful Tips
Tú vs. Usted
Both ‘tú’ and ‘usted’ can be translated to the singular ‘you’ in English, but one must be careful to use these two words appropriately in different situations. ‘Tú’ is a more informal pronoun and should therefore be used in informal situations with friends or family. ‘Usted’ is a more formal pronoun and should therefore be used in formal situations with superiors (e.g. teachers, employers) or persons one does not know well.
Saber vs. Conocer
Both ‘saber’ and ‘conocer’ can be translated to the English verb ‘to know’, but one must be careful to use these two verbs appropriately given the context. ‘Saber’ is used when discussing facts and learned skills (e.g. knowing how to swim) whereas ‘conocer’ is used when discussing familiarity or acquaintance with something or someone (e.g. to know a person).
Be Careful of Accents!
Accents in spanish can sometimes change the meaning of words and should therefore be paid much attention. Here are some examples of words which change meaning with the addition of accents:
mi – my; mí – me
el – the (masculine); él – he
tu – your (singular, informal); tú – you (singular, informal)
World Languages Organization 